From a military operational standpoint, surprise is an event or capability that could affect the outcome of a mission or campaign for which preparations are not

A letter dated December 21, 2011, to National Academy of Sciences President Dr. Ralph Cicerone from the Chief of Naval Operations, ADM Jonathan W. Greenert, U.S

Instability and cultural complexities in today's world, the security challenges, and the capability of non-states and extremists to "make bad things happen" has

Addresses the issue of capability surprise-- what it is, why it happens, what can be done to reduce the potential for its occurrence, and how to better prepare

The instability and cultural complexities in today's world, the breadth of security challenges, and the capability not only of states, but of non-states and ext