Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, a

A detailed case study of how international environmental treaties can be made more effective. Combining theoretical analysis with a rigorous empirical evaluatio

Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks summarizes the effects of spilled petroleum, or “oil , on five groups of marine mammals, including seals, whales an

U.S. Arctic waters north of the Bering Strait and west of the Canadian border encompass a vast area that is usually ice covered for much of the year, but is inc

In the last decade, changes in the scale of operations required to find and transport oil have led to a pollution problem of major proportions: oil on the sea.