Data-driven Modeling and Interpretable Machine Learning with Applications in Healthcare

Download or read book Data-driven Modeling and Interpretable Machine Learning with Applications in Healthcare written by Ning Liu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The promise of machine learning in transforming all aspects of healthcare ecosystemshas received global attention. Machine learning employs sophisticated algorithms totransform massive amounts of data into actionable insights, and ambitiously leadsthe way in reshaping the healthcare industry. Owing to the unique characteristicsof healthcare data and the highly-regulated nature of the healthcare industry,challenges largely remain in successfully applying machine learning to healthcare.Data generated in healthcare usually comes from various sources across multipleservice units and agencies. Besides the issues of inconsistency and redundancy,healthcare data are generally noisy, sparse, unstructured, and heterogeneous. Thedata quality issues pose severe threats to the accuracy and authenticity of machinelearning results. Furthermore, healthcare decisions and policies derived frommachine learning models must be interpretable and can be intuitively understoodby health professionals. However, most of the best-performing machine learningmodels tend to function like a black box and fail to provide any explanations onhow the decisions are reached; the lack of transparency creates barriers for humansto understand and trust model results. As with any other high-stakes decisionsituations, understanding the reasons why the model works is as important as whatthe prediction result is. The surge of interests in model interpretability has led tothe development of interpretable machine learning techniques.In response to the data quality and model interpretability challenges, thisdissertation explores three essential and interrelated healthcare analytics problemswith viewpoints from data-driven modeling and interpretable machine learning.In the first problem, we investigate utilizing a set of health-related databases toidentify high-priority drug-drug iterations (DDIs) for use in medication alerts. Wepropose a data-driven framework to extract useful features from the FDA adverseevent reports and develop an autoencoder-based semi-supervised learning algorithmto make inferences about potential high-priority DDIs. The experimental resultsdemonstrate the effectiveness of using adverse event feature representations indifferentiating high- and low-priority DDIs. Moreover, the proposed algorithmutilizes stacked autoencoders and unlabeled samples for boosting classificationperformance, which outperforms other competing semi-supervised methods. Thesecond and third problems are related to patient satisfaction studies. We focuson decoding the mysteries behind patient satisfaction using the insights extractedfrom hospital electronic health records and patient survey data. In the secondproblem, we propose an interpretable machine learning framework that transformsheterogeneous data into human-understandable feature representations and thenutilizes a mixed-integer programming model to discover the major factors thatinfluence patient satisfaction. In the third problem, we introduce a post hoc localexplanation method to interpret black-box model outputs aiming at closing the gapbetween model decisions and the understanding of healthcare users. Results of thereal-world case studies show that factors related to the courtesy and respect fromnurses and doctors, communication between health professionals and patients, andhospital discharge instructions significantly impact the overall patient satisfaction.Our approach and findings help establish guidelines for quality healthcare in thefuture.