As of May 2004, national competition authorities in EU Member States are empowered to enforce sanctions on infringement of the competition rules laid down in Ar

In the early decades of European integration the enforcement of EU competition law was highly centralised. Virtually all enforcement actions under Articles 101

The existence of a structured enforcement system is an inherent feature of national legal orders and one of the core elements of State sovereignty. The very lim

Although Article 23(5) of EU Regulation 1/2003 provides that competition law fines ‘shall not be of a criminal law nature’, this has not prevented certain c

This handbook brings together an international roster of competition law scholars and practitioners to address the issue of sanctions in competition law from al