Explains how actors control access to international resources, creating a stratified international system of political equals and unequals.

Laying the foundations of a theory of ‘international social closure’ this book examines how actors compete for a seat at the table in the management of inte

Openness in the international economy happens when countries employ the commercial policies needed to mould free trade into an outcome that serves their nationa

The Closed World offers a radically new alternative to the canonical histories of computers and cognitive science. Arguing that we can make sense of computers a

Party System Closure maps trends in interparty relations in Europe from 1848 until 2019. It investigates how the length of democratic experience, the institutio